Adipose tissue is at the crossroad of longevity and age-associated diseases ().Not only adipose tissue distributions change with age, but inflammation is primed at the adipose tissue prior to other organs during aging and onset of obesity ().Moreover, interventions that delay or limit fat tissue turnover, redistribution, or dysfunction in experimental animals enhance life span (). We identify two cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adipose tissue: 55 mature adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages . It has been demonstrated that obesity is associated with the adipocyte dysfunction, macrophage infiltration, and low-grade inflammation, which probably contributes to the induction of insulin resistance. These results demonstrate that obese humans exhibit increased adipose tissue inflammation concurrently . Adipose tissue inflammation is initiated by the infiltration of macrophages and T cells into adipose tissue. Obesity is a low-grade inflammatory disease and is associated with numerous comorbidities. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the physiologic inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA . Validation Studies. Adipose tissue produces and releases a variety of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, including the adipokines leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin, as well as cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and others. Adipose tissue is a complex organ that comprises a wide range of cell types with diverse energy storage, metabolic regulation, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), which have known hypotriglyceridemic . Perivascular adipose tissue and inflammation. Adipose tissue macrophage infection is largely restricted to a highly inflammatory subpopulation of macrophages, present at baseline, that is further activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Low-grade chronic inflammation and reduced differentiation capacity are hallmarks of hypertrophic adipose tissue (AT) and key contributors of insulin resistance. Regular physical activity attenuates obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, but the mechanisms and cell types that confer such protection require additional investigation. Of particular note, Xu et al ( 51 ) reported that the increased expression of inflammation-specific genes by macrophages in the adipose tissue of obese mice preceded . "Our hypothesis is . This inflammatory response is mediated by immune- Adipose tissue actively participates in the obesity-induced inflammation through recruitment of macrophages and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines which impairs insulin signaling, leading to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders (Greenberg et al. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an emerging cardio-metabolic risk factor and has been shown to correlate with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcome; however the underlying pathophysiology of this link is not well understood. We identify two cellular targets of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adipose tissue: 55 mature adipocytes and adipose tissue macrophages . The current study was aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin D administrations on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-induced obese rats. However, mechanisms by which curcumin may reduce obesity-associated inflammation are poorly understood; thus, it is hypothesized that benefits of curcumin consumption may occur through reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and/or beneficial changes in gut bacteria. Adipose tissue inflammation, specifically white visceral-gonadal adipose tissue, is a major contributor to metaflammation and insulin resistance. Immunohistochemistry staining of F4/80 showed that macrophage infiltration increased in adipose tissue. Virtue et al. However, the function of neutrophils in adipose tissue and their pathologic role in the development of metabolic disor-ders are not fully understood. Increase in the production of the leptin and TNF-alpha by the adipose tissue after alcohol administration in the rat, as well as the role of leptin in inflammation and liver fibrogenesis in the murine model of chemical hepatotoxicity strongly suggest that . The authors tied the increased expression of this microRNA to a reduction in circulating microbiota-derived . This knowledge gave evidence that the adipose tissue modules various parts of the body and it is now considered as an organ endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine secreting molecules with activities as hormones, grow factors, chemotactic molecule, enzymes, and pro- and anti-inflammatory factors [ 12, 13 ]. Whether and how the gut microbiome affects adipose tissue homeostasis is an area of current investigation. Inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cachexia, a condition featuring loss of lean and adipose tissue weight due to hypermetabolism (Kotler, 2000). adipose tissue; inflammation; interleukin 6; insulin resistance; Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a cytokine with many physiological actions that regulate metabolism ().Indeed, studies using IL6 infusion in healthy humans demonstrate increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, increased lipolysis, increased glucose and fatty acid oxidation, and increased energy expenditure (2, 3). An overall positive energy balance is associated . Obesity-induced insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer (1 - 3).Although the mechanism by which obesity causes insulin resistance is unclear, inflammation has been linked to the development of local and systemic insulin resistance, especially when the inflammation occurs in white adipose tissue (WAT) (4, 5). The significance of inflammatory responses elicited via secretion of adipose tissue-derived (WAT) cytokines relates to the fact that their production and secretion is increased in obese individuals. The study examined whether vasospastic angina is associated with pericoronary adipose tissue inflammation as represented by CTA-derived fat attenuation index. Introduction: Obesity and related metabolic disturbances are frequently related to modern lifestyle and are characterized by excessive fructose intake. AT-associated inflammation promoted by incorrect dietary habits and obesity, under the influence of signals derived from the gut microbial flora, is a main mechanism that may favor CRC development and progression . Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is also a feature of stroke that may promote weight loss through enhanced sympathetic signalling ( Fassbender . M1 (CD11c) and M2 (CD206) macrophage marker, and inflammatory (IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1) or anti-inflammatory (IL-10) gene, expression levels and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) marker changes in the SV fraction (a-f) and adipose tissue (g-l). This study will examine adipose tissue inflammation and adipokine expression and serum markers of inflammation and adipokine levels in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency before and after treatment. Compared with NC group, HF group showed significant increases in weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance; serum inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1) were elevated. One of the theories under investigation is that fat cells . These observations prompted us to investigate . 52 adipose tissue from multiple depots is permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection and that infection 53 elicits an inflammatory response, including the secretion of known inflammatory mediators of 54 severe COVID-19. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it examined whether assessment of the inner pericoronary adipose tissue layer might be superior for diagnosis of vasospastic angina compared with the previously reported . Little is known about the expression and implication of SLPI in the regulation of adipose tissue inflammation. Adipose tissue-specific HIF-1α overexpression in HFD-fed wildtype mice or in Lep ob/ob mice caused adipose tissue fibrosis, adipose tissue inflammation, and impaired glucose tolerance . White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in whole-body energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation. Adipose Tissue Is a Mediator of Inflammation and Innate Immunity A total of 99% of the world's metazoan species rely solely on innate immunity to defend themselves from infection. It is well known that multiple factors can contribute to adipose tissue remodeling, and longitudinal studies show that adipose tissue is affected early in the course of this syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between EAT and a comprehensive panel of cardiovascular risk biomarkers and pulse wave velocity (PWV) and indexed . Adipose tissue not only has an important role in the storage of excess nutrients but also senses nutrient status and regulates energy mobilization. showed that a high-fat diet in mice led to the activation of miR-181 in white adipose tissue (WAT) and subsequent obesity, insulin resistance, and WAT inflammation. The current study examined the effects of chronic oxytocin infusions on adipose tissue inflammation in a murine model . Whether the accumulation of ATMs in humans is strictly related to fat gain . Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation has a central role in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic syndrome. Adipose Tissue and Inflammation. Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation . Local adipose tissue inflammation and circulating concentrations of TNFα and CRP were negatively associated with S I, and circulating concentrations of TNFα and CRP were also negatively associated with skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Changes to mass and function of these tissues impact glucose homeostasis and whole-body energy balance during development of obesity, weight loss, and subsequent weight regain. Inflammatory Functions of Adipose Tissue. Demonstrating the endocrine like nature of adipose tissue, this book― Looks at the direct relation between adipokines and inflammation The American Obesity Association identifies obesity's link to numerous medical conditions, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, several cancers, and a host of inflammatory disorders. Compared to lean individuals, white adipose tissue (WAT) from obese adults secretes higher levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), an inflammatory cytokine capable of interfering insulin signaling. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are central players in obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic diseases. Adipose Tissue in the Regulation of Inflammation Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1. Adipose tissue derived bacteria are associated with inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes lucas Massier,1,2 rima chakaroun,1,2 shirin Tabei, 2 alyce crane, 2 Konrad David Didt,2 . Dercum's disease (DD) is characterised by pronounced pain in the adipose tissue and a number of associated symptoms. This chronic "low-grade" inflammation in white adipose . In addition to decreased expression of beneficial adipokines, secretion of a host of inflammatory factors from visceral adipose tissue may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with obesity. Flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic agents for cardiovascular as well as metabolic diseases. Local adipose tissue inflammation and circulating concentrations of TNFa and CRP were negatively associated with S I, and circulating concentrations of TNFa and CRP were also negatively associated with skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose tissue depot present around the majority of systemic blood vessels and has long been considered serving primarily as a supportive, mechanical purpose. The pain is chronic (for more than 3 months), symmetrical, often disabling [] and resistant to analgesics [].The pathogenesis of DD is unknown, but inflammatory components have been proposed [2-4].However, laboratory markers for inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation . This is mainly due to the intricately intertwined . Inflammatory factors released by adipose tissue in COVID-19 patients may be the cause of damage to the heart, lungs, and nervous system described in such patients, she added. In mice lacking one copy of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, ECM remodeling and collagen turnover are impaired and adipose tissue expansion is inhibited ( 77 ). An increase in number and a phenotypical switch of ATMs during the development of obesity contribute to chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders, which have been regarded as potential therapeutic targets to restore AT homeostasis. International Journal of Obesity 2005(31): 1420-1428. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803632 . Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation (ATI . C57BL/6J male mice were fed a chow diet (CD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), and gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) macrophages Significance Chronic low-grade inflammation is a key driver of metabolic syndrome. Several of AT's intrinsic features favor its key role in local and systemic inflammation: (i) large distribution throughout the body, (ii) major endocrine activity, and (iii) presence of metabolic and immune cells in close proximity. In other words, it's known as a "deep" fat that's stored further underneath the skin than "subcutaneous" belly fat. In obese mice, when inflammatory. Cells of the immune system are now recognized in the adipose tissue which, in obesity, produces proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Since sex-related differences in susceptibility and progression of metabolic disorders are . In obesity, a significant expansion of the entire fat-tissue takes place with distinct alterations within the cellular, humoral, and stromal compartment (11-13).The production of pro-inflammatory mediators and the immune-cell infiltration is increased in adipose-tissue of obese compared to lean individuals (5, 6).These adipose-tissue changes and their systemic consequences led to the concept . These results demonstrate that obese humans exhibit increased adipose tissue inflammation concurrently with . Obesity stimulates chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, which strongly associates with the development of insulin resistance (), although the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown (10-14).Adipose tissue is an energy-storing organ. In the beginning of the study, 40 rats were divided into two groups: normal diet and high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks . The triggers for adipose tissue inflammation are still poorly defined. Despite this widely confirmed paradigm, numerous open questions and knowledge gaps remain to be investigated. Obese adipose tissue is characterized by inflammation ( 1) and progressive infiltration by macrophages as obesity develops ( 10, 11 ). the inflammatory response in adipose tissue. Several herbs and spices have been in use since ancient times which possess anti-inflammatory properties. Adiponectin may mediate some of its demonstrated cardioprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory properties. The connection between adipose tissue inflammation and the development of insulin resistance and catecholamine resistance is examined and the ensuing state of metabolic inflexibility is discussed. Recent studies suggest a link between adipose tissue inflammation and the chronic diseases associated with obesity [1,2,3]. Adipose tissue is appreciated as a major node between chronic inflammation and a cluster of metabolic diseases. In obesity, the concomitant pro-inflammatory . Adipose tissue inflammation is initiated and sustained over time by dysfunctional adipocytes that secrete inflammatory adipokines and by infiltration of bone marrow-derived immune cells that signal via production of cytokines and chemokines. The trigger for adipose tissue inflammation could emanate from a gut-derived substance, dietary component or metabolite. Adult-onset asthma (AOA) is associated with metabolic syndrome as well as with higher median serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and a higher leptin-adiponectin (LA) ratio compared with healthy controls, suggesting inflammatory markers in adipose tissue may be involved in AOA pathophysiology, according to research findings published in Respiratory Medicine. Adipose tissue inflammation, fatty acid profile and colorectal cancer. Cancer cachexia is considered a multifactorial syndrome mainly characterized by body weight loss associated with wasting of adipose and muscle tissues 1; it accounts for 50-70% in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and represents a negative prognostic factor in terms of survival, anticancer treatment response, toxicity, and quality of life. Chronic sterile inflammation is central to the pathobiology of obesity and obesity-related complications. Interestingly, until nowadays, the etiology for this syndrome still unclear. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM of five independent experiments. 2 Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, in addition to beverages such as tea and coffee. There is a growing body of evidence that demonstrates a direct link between the changes in adipose tissue . Overall, these results support the notion that n eutrophil infiltration into adipose tissue contributes to insulin resistance in obesity. If you have a . 2006). Several lines of preclinical and clinical research have confirmed that chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is mechanistically linked to metabolic disease and organ tissue complications in the overweight and obese organism.
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