On the first day God made the heaven and the earth, on the second day, He separated the sky from the water, on the third day. GCSE History - Medicine Through Time Revision Notes These notes are brought to you by revisegcsehistory.co.uk Page 2 of 17 TOPIC 2 - ANCIENT EGYPT Ancient Egyptian Society The Egyptian civilisation was an agricultural one that spread in a narrow band along the River Nile. THE GERM THEORY: According to this theory, there is one single specific cause of every disease. Healers must use supernatural means to learn the cause and to help cure illness. musculoskeletal disorders, mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases). Helplessness in the face of disease and human disaster helped to perpetuate this belief in magic and the supernatural. The significance of this change in attention . Despite its meta-physical character, the etiologic axiom that every disease has an endogenous and/or An understanding of the latter type of causal model is particularly important to enable effective risk management of diseases and health disorders that have multiple and potentially interacting hazards (e.g. Approaches to prevention and treatment and In rabbinic writings the word for epilepsy, nikhpeh, means to be possessed. Instead of blaming microbes, people looked for miasmas. particular disease or disorder. Renaissance England 1500-1700 Causes of illnesses Prevention and Treatment Individuals Continuities: Miasma Theory, influence of Church during epidemics and supernatural beliefs. Before germ theory of disease transmission was established by Pasteur, water filtration had been used as a treatment process for surface waters for centuries to remove suspended solids and reduce turbidity. Serket was invoked for the bite of the scorpion.Sekhmet was called upon for a variety of medical problems. PDF | Indigenous Theories of Contagious Disease. The concept of "contagion," together with the concept of "contagiousness," is thousands of years old. Illness may, in fact, be due to a disease. Observed that "microbes" present in the air, these made liquids rot (he was investigating rotting beer). As a historian and philosopher his works reflected more of political and social opinions. supernatural basis. Privation Theory says that empirical evil is the absence of some such good which ought to exist. 1845) -demonstrated that the great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water mold •Heinrich de Bary (1853) -showed that smut and rust fungi caused cereal crop diseases 36 Neither of these classes of theories of illness contains the simplicity and clarity required for a useful scientific theory of illness. 14 Miasma The belief that diseases are caused by bad smells / 'foul Microorganisms and Disease •Agostini Bassi (1773-1856) -showed that a disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus •M. This study of mental illness can include . 2. Occurrence Dr Paul T Francis, MD Prof. Com Med 7th April Uni., Zawia, Libya How does disease occur?. 147 The supernatural 149.A-Z Other, A-Z 149.A3 Absurdity . This theory first appeared in the Hippocratic treatise The Nature of Man (5th century BC), possibly written Longevity allows for more people to live intothe ages of greatest risk for dementingdiseases, like Alzheimer's disease and thevascular dementias. Robert Koch identified that different microbes caused different diseases. A parallel supernatural source But the humoral theory left more than a linguistic legacy. Concepts of Contagion and Epidemics. Supernatural Theory of Disease In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. . suffering from disabling disease, and the theory is a result of behavioral science research. Household water filters had been patented in the 18th century and ceramic filters . Instead, both natural and supernatural explanations were used to explain the same . The miasma theory (also called the miasmatic theory) is an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air.The theory held that epidemics were caused by miasma, emanating from rotting organic matter. Keywords Paper 1 - Medicine Through Time, c.1250-present 3 25 Medicine in the 18th and 19th Centuries, c.1700-1900 26 Ideas about the causes of disease Spontaneous generation; Pasteur, Koch and germ theory; miasma 28 Ideas about the treatment of disease the religious right). You may think that this is a very simple question An answer everybody knows But 200 years ago, 1000 years ago people did not know the answer Even NOW we dont know ALL answers! The third major way in which people view the world and explain the causes of illness is the magico-religious world view. stop spread of disease. germ theory of disease) is not really described. Germ theory postulates that every human disease is caused by a microbe or germ, which is specific for that disease and one must be able to isolate the microbe from the diseased human being. Germ Theory is currently the most widely accepted scientific theory for many diseases across the globe. However, it appears that the term "miasma" was not yet in use to describe this theory. Supernatural theory Proponents of this theory argue that supernatural forces cause disease. This theory attributes micro-organisms as the only cause of diseases. The miasma theory only stated the bad air or miasma was the main cause of every disease, but, according to germ theory, the diseases are spread and caused by the presence and actions of Nicholas F. Gray, in Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (Second Edition), 2014 Historical Background. 10, No. 9. The supernatural encompasses supposed phenomena or entities that are not subject to the laws of nature. The ancient Greeks' apprehension of health and illness was based on the theory of the four 'fluids' (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile) that is in its turn premised on the theory of the four elements (fire, earth, water and air) and their four corresponding qualities (heat, dry, humid and cold). Disease is an objectively measurable pathological condition of the body. He further . Full PDF Package Download Full PDF . through the exercise of mysterious supernatural power (Moyer, 2001, p. 13). 149.D59 Diseases 149.D68 Doubles 149.D96 Dystopias 149.E28 East (Far East) . disease and illness in the Middle Ages A. Supernatural and religious explanations of the cause of disease. It simply states that microorganisms, known as pathogens or "germs", which exist in various conditions, can lead to disease. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. By the end of 19th century, the germ theory of disease became dominate over the miasma theory (Maia, 2013). The cultural construction of diseasemodel is used to analyze an unusual case ofdementia in an American Indian family. DEMONIC THEORY • Attributed disease to supernatural powers, the product of animism which imbued all moving things with a spirit • In this 'spirit-world', disease could be produced by witches, superhuman entities and spirits of the dead. f1) The Germ Theory: popular during 19th century and in earlier 20th century. Evolutionists have insisted that science is necessarily about naturalistic explanations and theories. disease and illness Supernatural and religious explanations of the cause of disease. Naturalist theories of disease believe that all beings and events in the universe are natural and denies the existence of any supernatural realities…. Attitudes and views toward psychopathology in the medical and larger social community have undergone drastic transformation throughout history, at times progressing through a rather tortuous course, to eventually receive validation and scientific attention. Hippocrates also ascribed to and incorporated into his theory what is now considered the atomic theory—that is, the belief that everything is made of tiny particles. Thus many treatises on con-vulsive diseases appeared which included hysteria, tetanus, tremors, rigors and other paroxysmal movement disorders. As noted above, the Sibulan folks believe that illness is due to contact with inkanto and the Tarong people attribute some to their affliction to the loss of soul. Causation and Models of Disease in Epidemiology Alex Broadbent Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge This is a post-peer-review but pre-copy-edited version of a paper that has been accepted for publication in the journal Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. The group of fourth- and third-century BC physicians known as the Hippocratics who formulated (and more importantly wrote about) their theories, were the first organized group to consider that illness had natural—not supernatural—causes. Two of the oldest diseases associated with contagiousness are leprosy, which is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, and smallpox. stop spread of disease. Changes: Most accepted that illnesses were not sent by God, decline of importance regarding the Four Humours Theory and analysis of urine. THE DENIONIC THEORY Man's common belief as to the causation of those "thousand ills which human flesh is heir to, has always been fairly compatible with the general state of human knowledge. This was the theory of spontaneous generation. . The theory is first developed by Gustave Le Bon in his book called "the crowd: a study of popular mind in France" in 1885. Also Yet, as the recent story of the so-called "possession" brought forth to explain the murder at the beginning of this week's chapter reveals, such ideas are far from dead in today's society (e.g. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Departing from a simplistic view centred on supernatural causes, modern theories in the early 20th century began to recognize mental . Also This view's basic premise is that the world is an arena in which supernatural forces dominate and that the fate of the world and those in it depends on the action of supernatural forces for good or evil. According to this theory, it is important to distinguish between beliefs about the natural and supernatural causes of illness and disease. The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. A Brief History of Miasmic Theory 2 The Middle Ages: Corruption of the Air The concept of bad air was the primary explanation for disease in general, and the plague in particular, during the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. Supernatural theories attribute mental illness to possession by evil or demonic spirits, displeasure of gods, eclipses, planetary gravitation, curses, and sin. Scientific theory Demonology Trephining Classical theory Free-will approach Neoclassical approach Rational-choice theory Postclassical theory Deterrence theory Routine-activities theory . Treated by re‐balancing the Four Humours. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. the supernatural. Such perceptions of participants are consistent with Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, 20 which proposes that culture not only shapes the behavior of individuals but also modifies their behavior to . As Keith Thomas shows, England during these years resembled in many . 1. The meanings of both the word and the concept have changed over time. Just like pathology is the study of the nature of disease (including causes, development, and outcomes), psychopathology is the study of the same concepts within the realm of mental health (or illness). . Germ Theory - Koch's Postulates. Acc. Naturalistic theories of disease causation tend to view health as a state of harmony between a human being and his or her environment; when this balance is upset, illness will result. germ theory epidemiological triad multifactorial causation theory web of causation devers epidemiological model 8. Proved microbes could be killed by heat (pasteurisation). Bes and Tawreret protected pregnant women and children. Theory and principles of the study of English literature 21 General works . As Nutton (1983) has pointed out, Galen had indeed written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases, in such tracts as On initial causes, On the different types of fever, and in his commentary . The Theory of Humor musculoskeletal disorders, mental disorders, cardiovascular diseases). He observed that different diseases occurred in different locations. Astrology, witchcraft, magical healing, divination, ancient prophecies, ghosts, and fairies were taken very seriously by people at all social and economic levels in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. disease and illness Supernatural and religious explanations of the cause of disease. There are several theory of disease, the focus of this paper will be on the following theory of disease, namely; 1. These natural illnesses are treated by physicians with herbal remedies. Theory. Renaissance England 1500-1700 Causes of illnesses Prevention and Treatment Individuals Continuities: Miasma Theory, influence of Church during epidemics and that supernatural beliefs. EXPLAINING HEALTH AND DISEASE. According to the Bible the world was created within six days. An understanding of disease in Western medicine is no longer based on a humoral theory of disease but on the germ theory. Louis Pasteurs Germ Theory - 1857 Scientists thought microbes were caused by disease and appeared because of illness. Hewa (2016) argues the germ theory strengthened the "mechanistic . This refers to one to one relationship between the causative agent and disease. to this theory there is one single specific micro-organism (causative agent) to every disease. because it has many causes or multiple factors. The Hippocratic doctrine not only rejected the supernatural causes of disease, but also laid down the foundations of scientific medicine, on the basis of humoral theory (Jouanna, 2012, p. 55; Høyrup, 2020, p. 142). Changes: Most accepted that illnesses were not sent by God, decline of importance regarding the Four Humours Theory and analysis of urine. 4, July/August, 2005.) . Naturalistic theories of disease causation tend to view health as a state of harmony between a human being and his or her environment; when this balance is upset, illness will result. •Theory of Disease causation -Supernatural theory: sin against God -Spontanous generation -Humors -Miasma -Germ: agent=sole cause of disease -Epidemiological triad: agent, host and environment •Multi-factorial causation -Disease is due to multiple factors contrary to the idea of germ theory -Applied more to NCDs-risk factors Joseph Du Chesne, Quercetanus redivivus (Frankfurt, 1648), detail from title page. Germ theory was proposed by Louis Pasteur (1822 -1895) and Robert Koch (1843 -1910). Epidemiological theory is not applicable for non infectious and chronic diseases like coronary artery diseases etc. It can't, they argue, consider supernatural explanations because those are beyond the realm of observation and experimentation . The germ theory was rapidly adopted [3] and its monocausal orientation generalized to numerous other diseases. epilepsy, i.e. How Did Scientists Discover the Causes of Disease? However, the symptoms of diseases caused by these supernatural beings are Renaissance England 1500-1700 Causes of illnesses Prevention and Treatment Individuals Continuities: Miasma Theory, influence of Church during epidemics and that supernatural beliefs. Disease prevention measures based on this theory were important to the religious people. This model is one . Emotionalistic disease theory: Illness is due to a negative emotional experience. Support for the germ theory of disease began to accumulate in the early nineteenth century. However, it may also be due to a feeling of psychological or spiritual imbalance. The dynamics of longevity,consequent . Folk theory of disease, from this stand point, permits a dual explanation of the illness. 1878 published Germ Theory of infection, proving microbes caused disease in humans. Before germ theory of disease transmission was established by Pasteur, water filtration had been used as a treatment process for surface waters for centuries to remove suspended solids and reduce turbidity. According to this theory life was created by supernatural power. He theorized . Sobek would intervene in surgeries. Key topic 1.2 Approaches to prevention and treatment A. all periodic "convulsive diseases" or only those with a rather restricted kind of motor convulsion with or without loss of consciousness. particular disease or disorder. Supernatural Theories in Science. Heka was the god of magic and also of medicine, but there were a number of deities called upon for different diseases. • Treatment therefore included: placation, for example by sacrifice; exorcism (forcible expulsion) etc. With the variations observed in relation to the spatial, seasonal as well as demographic patterns, it was concluded that a holistic and strategic approach There . 2. In Opus Paramirum, this theory informs that of tartar disease as failed . diseases affected populations and how disease spread. The notion that diseases have natural causes and are not God's punishments or tri-als or curses of malicious beings or results of supernatural forces has not even fully pene-trated Western culture, let alone become the prevailing view worldwide. Contagion theory is a theory of collective behavior which explains that the crowd can cause a hypnotic impact on individuals. Ultimately, the hybrid approach with the incorporation of some normative and naturalist views proves to be the most superior theory of disease of the bunch. Single disease events were attributed to single causes [2]. of some diseases inspired by Mexican American cul-ture. cal theory and all injuries obviously inflicted by material agencies; second, human agency, i.e., disease is considered directly due to the malefic action of some human being, embracing sorcery in all its phases; and third, supernatural agency, i.e., sickness is regarded as due to the action of supernatural factors. During the Middle Ages, illness was believed to have come from miasma. Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur confirmed this theory in the 1870s and 1880s with a series of elegant experiments proving that microorganisms were responsible for causing anthrax, rabies, plague, cholera, and tuberculosis. Nicholas F. Gray, in Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (Second Edition), 2014 Historical Background. The view among them was that disease is a punishment for transgression of God's laws. Other texts (4Q510-11; 11Q11) deal with the binding of disease-causing demons. 13 Supernatural causes The belief that diseases are caused by magic or witchcraft 5 Theory of Opposites Galen's theory that diseases were caused by the Four Humours being in‐balanced. The humoral system is a naturalistic approach to illness whose roots are over two thousand years old. In short, this discipline can be understood as an in-depth study of problems related to mental health. Exorcizing spells are therefore included along with other treatments. Throughout history there have been three general theories of the etiology of mental illness: supernatural, somatogenic, and psychogenic. Theory of Special Creation: The greatest supporter of this theory was Father Suarez. Germ Theory. In contrast, illness is a feeling of not being normal and healthy. This theory helps to understand the various associated causative factors, which suggests preventive and plan measures to control the disease. Nefertum would be appealed to in administering aroma therapy. Rational explanations: the Theory of the Four Humours and the miasma theory; the continuing influence in England of Hippocrates and Galen Causes Supernatural - God, to punish sin, or to test your faith - leprosy especially seen as punishment. Household water filters had been patented in the 18th century and ceramic filters . J. Berkeley (ca. For example, it is well-known, that not everyone exposed to tuberculosis develops tuberculosis. Renaissance England 1500-1700 Causes of illnesses Prevention and Treatment Individuals Continuities: Miasma Theory, influence of Church during epidemics and that supernatural beliefs. It has roots in the Middle Ages. In this lecture will try to learn what we know about disease causation Contents To many of us, otherworldly or supernatural explanations of deviance seem like something from another time. An understanding of the latter type of causal model is particularly important to enable effective risk management of diseases and health disorders that have multiple and potentially interacting hazards (e.g. Thus many treatises on con-vulsive diseases appeared which included hysteria, tetanus, tremors, rigors and other paroxysmal movement disorders. Deviant behavior, B. Biomedical aspects such as the germ theory of disease, genetic disorders, psychological conditions, and dietary causes for medical conditions are acce-pted. Supernatural Beliefs and Treatments . Changes: Most accepted that illnesses were not sent by God, decline of importance regarding the Four Humours Theory and analysis of urine. that, majority of the people have knowledge about the disease, however, both naturalistic and supernatural attributions are made for causes of meningitis. Keywords and Places, Hippocrates dismissed supernatural explanations of disease and instead attributed illness to characteristics of the climate, soil, water, mode of life, and nutrition surrounding the patient.2,19-21 It is Hippocrates who coined the terms endemic and epidemic disease to differentiate those diseases that In part, this rapid adoption reflected the capacity of the germ theory to explain and provide solutions for the 15revailing health problems of that period. stop spread of disease. This term is attributed to non-physical entities, such as angels, demons, gods, and spirits.It also includes claimed abilities embodied in or provided by such beings, including magic, telekinesis, levitation, precognition, and extrasensory perception. Matter Theory regards pain, disease, mental malaise, and social ills as effects of our standing as material beings, vulnerable to the "matter" in our organism breaking down or coming into conflict with other parts of material creation. away from the Miasma Theory to the Germ Theory. . all periodic "convulsive diseases" or only those with a rather restricted kind of motor convulsion with or without loss of consciousness. The beliefs related with supernatural causes of mental illnesses and opting related modes of treatment were prevalent across respective cultures. Theory of Contagion by Theories of Contagion. C1250-1500: Medicine in medieval England: Ideas about causes of disease The intended purpose of this unit of study is to develop pupils'knowledge and understanding of Medicine in England c.1250-present day, in particular, discovering the ideas people had about the causes of disease and illness during the Medieval period in England c. 1250-1500. stop spread of disease. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Concepts ( )of Disease. (severity) of disease "X" disease "X" health action f Cues to action Mass media campaigns Advice from others Reminder postcard from physician or dentist Illness of family member or friend (originally published in Creation Matters, vol. Even though there was a "germ" of truth in miasmatic theory, in that it focused attention on environmental causes of disease and partly explained social disparities in health (poor people being more likely to live near foul odors), the theory began to fall into disfavor as the germ theory gained acceptance. Changes: Most accepted that illnesses were not sent by God, decline of importance regarding the Four Humours Theory and analysis of urine. Personalistic disease theory: Illness is due to the action of an agent such as a witch, sorcerer, or supernatural entity, e.g., ancestor spirit or ghost. epilepsy, i.e. Rational explanations: the Theory of the Four Humours and the miasma theory; the continuing influence in England of Hippocrates and Galen Causes Supernatural - God, to punish sin, or to test your faith - leprosy especially seen as punishment. Rational explanations: the Theory of the Four Humours and the miasma theory; the continuing influence of Hippocrates and Galen. 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